While it is one of the newer subdivisions of engineering, electrical engineering has nevertheless become hugely prominent in the modern world. As electronics and digital devices proliferate in the population, electrical engineers are needed to maintain and develop them.

France, officially the French Republic, is a unitary semi-presidential republic located mostly in Western Europe, with several overseas regions and territories.

The PhD is a doctoral degree, specifically called a "doctor of philosophy" degree. This is misleading because PhD holders are not necessarily philosophers (unless they earned their degree in philosophy!). That said, PhD recipients are able to engage in thought experiments, reason about problems, and solve problems in sophisticated ways.