Translation students learn how to convert written words from one language to another and may focus on one or many languages during their studies. It differs from interpretation in that it is specific to written documents, while interpretation involves communicating messages or words that are spoken.

The PhD is a doctoral degree, specifically called a "doctor of philosophy" degree. This is misleading because PhD holders are not necessarily philosophers (unless they earned their degree in philosophy!). That said, PhD recipients are able to engage in thought experiments, reason about problems, and solve problems in sophisticated ways.