Chemistry is a category of physical science that deals with the structure, composition, and various properties of matter. Some topics which chemistry aims to cover include the formation of chemical bonds, properties of atoms, and the intermolecular forces responsible for giving matter its unique properties.

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic within the European Union, located in Southern Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia along the Alps.

The PhD is a doctoral degree, specifically called a "doctor of philosophy" degree. This is misleading because PhD holders are not necessarily philosophers (unless they earned their degree in philosophy!). That said, PhD recipients are able to engage in thought experiments, reason about problems, and solve problems in sophisticated ways.