Coursework in earth science can include elements of the land, water, and air on Earth and beyond. It may concentrate on knowledge for scientific research, as well as applications to understand and improve life on the planet.

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic within the European Union, located in Southern Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia along the Alps.

The PhD is a doctoral degree, specifically called a "doctor of philosophy" degree. This is misleading because PhD holders are not necessarily philosophers (unless they earned their degree in philosophy!). That said, PhD recipients are able to engage in thought experiments, reason about problems, and solve problems in sophisticated ways.

Full time studies are studies that require a student to attend classes on a daily basis, usually for at least four hours a day. The main benefit of full time studies is that it allows students to complete their studies in a shorter period of time. This can be beneficial for those who are looking to graduate more quickly or enter the workforce sooner.